Biology Flashcards

A-Level Biology - OCR

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Year 1

Section 1 - Foundations in Biology

Topic 1 - Cell Structure
Topic 2 - Biological Molecules
Topic 3 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Topic 4 - Enzymes
Topic 5 - Plasma Membranes
Topic 6 - Cell Division

Section 2 - Exchange & Transport

Topic 7 - Exchange Surfaces and Breathing
Topic 8 - Transport in Animals
Topic 9 - Transport in Plants

Section 3 - Biodiversity, Evolution, & Disease

Topic 10 - Classification and Evolution
Topic 11 - Biodiversity
Topic 12 - Communicable Diseases

Year 2

Section 4 - Communication, Homeostasis, & Energy

Topic 13 - Neuronal Communication
Topic 14 - Hormonal Communication
Topic 15 - Homeostasis
Topic 16 - Plant Responses
Topic 17 - Energy for Biological Processes
Topic 18 - Respiration

Section 5 - Genetics, Evolution, & Ecosystems

Topic 19 - Genetics of Living Systems
Topic 20 - Patterns of Inheritance and Variation
Topic 21 - Manipulating Genomes
Topic 22 - Cloning and Biotechnology
Topic 23 - Ecosystems
Topic 24 - Populations and Sustainability

Year 1

Section 1 - Foundations in Biology

1 - Cell Structure

1.1 - Light Microscopes

1.2 - Magnification and Resolution

1.3 - Electron Microscopes

1.4 - Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopes

1.5 - Eukaryotic Cells: Animal Cells

1.6 - Eukaryotic Cells: Plant, Algal, and Fungal Cells

1.7 - Prokaryotic Cells

2 - Biological Molecules

2.1 - Introduction to Biological Molecules

2.2 - Inorganic Ions

2.3 - Water

2.4 - Carbohydrates: Introduction

2.5 - Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

2.6 - Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides

2.7 - Carbohydrates: Tests

2.8 - Lipids: Introduction

2.9 - Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids & Cholesterol

2.10 - Proteins: Amino Acids

2.11 - Proteins: Structures

2.12 - Proteins: Globular & Fibrous Proteins

3 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

3.1 - Nucleic Acids

3.2 - DNA Replication

3.3 - The Genetic Code

3.4 - mRNA & tRNA

3.5 - Protein Synthesis: Transcription

3.6 - Protein Synthesis: Translation

3.7 - ATP

4 - Enzymes

4.1 - Enzyme Action

4.2 - Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

4.3 - Enzyme Inhibitors & Cofactors

5 - Plasma Membranes

5.1 - Structure & Function of Membranes

5.2 - Factors Affecting Membrane Structure

5.3 - Diffusion

5.4 - Active Transport

5.5 - Osmosis

6 - Cell Division

6.1 - Cell Cycle

6.2 - Chromosomes

6.3 - Mitosis

6.4 - Meiosis

6.5 - Importance of Meiosis

6.6 - Cell Organisation

6.7 - Specialised Cells

6.8 - Stem Cells

Section 2 - Exchange & Transport

7 - Exchange Surfaces and Breathing

7.1 - Specialised Exchange Surfaces

7.2 - Human Gas Exchange System

7.3 - Ventilation

7.4 - Measuring Ventilation

7.5 - Gas Exchange in Insects

7.6 - Gas Exchange in Fish

8 - Transport in Animals

8.1 - Introduction to the Circulatory System

8.2 - Blood Vessels

8.3 - Blood, Tissue Fluid & Lymph

8.4 - Haemoglobin

8.5 - Heart Structure

8.6 - Cardiac Cycle

9 - Transport in Plants

9.1 - Xylem & Phloem

9.2 - Transpiration

9.3 - Cohesion-tension Theory

9.4 - Gas Exchange in Plants

9.5 - Mass Flow Hypothesis

Section 3 - Biodiversity, Evolution, & Disease

10 - Classification and Evolution

10.1 - Taxonomy

10.2 - Phylogeny

10.3 - Evidence for Evolution

10.4 - Variation

10.5 - Student's T-test

10.6 - Spearman's Correlation Coefficient

10.7 - Adaptations

10.8 - Natural Selection

11 - Biodiversity

11.1 - Random Sampling

11.2 - Non-random Sampling

11.3 - Measures of Biodiversity

11.4 - Human Impact on Biodiversity

11.5 - Maintaining Biodiversity

11.6 - Conservation

12 - Communicable Diseases

12.1 - Animal Pathogens and Diseases

12.2 - Plant Diseases and Defences

12.3 - Non-specific Animal Defences: Barriers to Pathogens

12.4 - Non-specific Animal Defences: Phagocytosis

12.5 - Specific Immune System: The Cellular Response

12.6 - Specific Immune System: The Humoral Response

12.7 - Specific Immune System: Antibodies

12.8 - Preventing Disease

12.9 - Treating Disease

Year 2

Section 4 - Communication, Homeostasis, & Energy

13 - Neuronal Communication

13.1 - Neurones

13.2 - Sensory Receptors

13.3 - Nervous Transmission

13.4 - Propagation of Action Potentials

13.5 - Synapses

13.6 - Transmission of Impulses Across Synapses

13.7 - Organisation of the Nervous System

13.8 - Structure & Function of the Brain

13.9 - Reflexes

13.10 - Types of Muscle

13.11 - Structure of Skeletal Muscle

13.12 - Sliding Filament Model

13.13 - Neuromuscular Junctions

14 - Hormonal Communication

14.1 - Hormonal Communication

14.2 - Adrenal Glands

14.3 - Structure & Function of the Pancreas

14.4 - Diabetes

14.5 - Coordinated Responses

14.6 - Controlling Heart Rate

15 - Homeostasis

15.1 - Homeostasis

15.2 - Thermoregulation

15.3 - Excretion, Homeostasis & the Liver

15.4 - The Structure of the Mammalian Kidney

15.5 - Ultrafiltration

15.6 - Selective Reabsorption

15.7 - The Loop of Henle

15.8 - The Kidney & Osmoregulation

15.9 - Urine & Diagnosis

15.10 - Kidney Failure

16 - Plant Responses

16.1 - Plant Hormones: Gibberellins

16.2 - Plant Hormones: Auxins

16.3 - Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress

16.4 - Plant Responses to Herbivory

16.5 - Tropisms in Plants

16.6 - Commercial Uses of Plant Hormones

17 - Energy for Biological Processes

17.1 - Introduction to Photosynthesis

17.2 - Chloroplast Structure

17.3 - Light-dependent Reaction

17.4 - Light-independent Reaction

17.5 - Limiting Factors

18 - Respiration

18.1 - Introduction to Respiration

18.2 - Glycolysis

18.3 - Mitochondrion Structure

18.4 - Link Reaction

18.5 - Krebs Cycle

18.6 - Oxidative Phosphorylation

18.7 - Anaerobic Respiration

18.8 - Respiratory Substrates

Section 5 - Genetics, Evolution, & Ecosystems

19 - Genetics of Living Systems

19.1 - Gene Mutations

19.2 - Control of Gene Expression: Eukaryotes

19.3 - Control of Gene Expression: Prokaryotes

19.4 - Post-transcriptional Control

19.5 - Body Plans

20 - Patterns of Inheritance and Variation

20.1 - Monogenic Inheritance

20.2 - Codominance

20.3 - Multiple Alleles

20.4 - Sex Linkage

20.5 - Dihybrid Inheritance

20.6 - Autosomal Linkage

20.7 - Chi-squared Test

20.8 - Epistasis

20.9 - Factors Affecting Evolution

20.10 - Types of Selection

20.11 - Hardy-Weinberg Principle

20.12 - Speciation

20.13 - Artificial Selection

21 - Manipulating Genomes

21.1 - Genetic Fingerprinting

21.2 - Polymerase Chain Reaction

21.3 - Electrophoresis

21.4 - DNA Sequencing Techniques

21.5 - Using DNA Sequencing

21.6 - Genetic Engineering

21.7 - The Formation of Recombinant DNA

21.8 - Genetically Modified Organisms

21.9 - Gene Therapy

22 - Cloning and Biotechnology

22.1 - Plant Cloning: Vegetative Propagation

22.2 - Plant Cloning: Micropropagation

22.3 - Animal Cloning

22.4 - Microorganisms & Biotechnology

22.5 - Culturing Microorganisms

22.6 - Immobilised Enzymes

23 - Ecosystems

23.1 - Ecosystems

23.2 - Transfer of Biomass through Ecosystems

23.3 - Nitrogen Cycle

23.4 - Carbon Cycle

23.5 - Succession

23.6 - Measuring Organism Distribution & Abundance

24 - Populations and Sustainability

24.1 - Factors Affecting Populations

24.2 - Competition & Predation

24.3 - Preservation and Sustainability

24.4 - Managing Ecosystems

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