What is a pooter used for, and how does it work?

A pooter is used to collect small insects.


It works by sucking air containing the insects into a plastic container via a tube.

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How can we minimise the effect of chance in random sampling?

We can minimise the effect of chance in random sampling by using a large sample size and analysing the data collected.

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What is the best way to prevent sampling bias, and why is this important?

The best way to prevent sampling bias is to eliminate any human involvement in choosing the samples by carrying out random sampling. This involves taking measurements of individuals selected randomly from the population of organisms that is being investigated.


Random sampling is important to ensure the samples are representative of the whole area.

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What is the benefit of a high genetic diversity?

High genetic biodiversity allows for better adaptation to a changing environment and resistance to disease.

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What are species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity?

  1. Species diversity - the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species
  2. Genetic diversity - the variation in alleles within a population of a species
  3. Habitat diversity - the number of different habitats

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What are pitfall traps and sweep nets used for?

Pitfall traps are used to catch small, ground-crawling animals like insects and spiders.


Sweep nets are used for catching insects in long grass or air, where the net is swept in a 'figure of eight' motion.

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What is the difference between a point quadrat and a frame quadrat?

A point quadrat consists of a frame with a horizontal bar, and pins are pushed through at set intervals to touch the ground. Each species the pin touches is recorded.


A frame quadrat is a square frame divided into a grid. The type and number of species within each section of the quadrat is recorded.

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How can a quadrat be used to measure density and percentage cover?

Density is measured by counting the number of individuals in a 1 m2 quadrat.


Percentage cover is an estimate by eye of the area within a quadrat that a particular plant species covers.

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What is tree beating used for, and how does it work?

Tree beating is used to take samples of the invertebrates living in a tree or bush.


A large white sheet is stretched out under the tree and the tree is shaken or beaten to dislodge the invertebrates, which fall onto the sheet.

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What is kick sampling used for, and how does it work?

Kick sampling is used to study the organisms living in a river.


The river bank and bed is 'kicked', and a net is held downstream to capture any organisms released into the flowing water.

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