1. Phosphorylation of glucose - two phosphate molecules, from the dephosphorylation of two ATP molecules, are added to glucose to form hexose bisphosphate
2. Lysis - hexose bisphosphate is split into two triose phosphate (TP) molecules
3. Phosphorylation of TP - a second phosphate group is added to each TP molecule to form two triose bisphosphate molecules
4. Oxidation (dehydrogenation) of triose bisphosphate - hydrogen is removed from each of the triose bisphosphate molecules and used to reduce two molecules of NAD
5. Production of ATP - two triose bisphosphate molecules are converted into two pyruvate molecules, and four ATP molecules are produced for a net gain of two ATP molecules

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the formation of ATP without the involvement of an electron transport chain.

For example, in glycolysis, ATP is formed when phosphate molecules are transferred from triose bisphosphate to ADP.

Glycolysis is the initial stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration where a six-carbon sugar, usually glucose, is split into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of living cells.

Two molecules of ATP, two molecules of reduced NAD, and two molecules of pyruvate.

No, glycolysis is an anaerobic process and does not require oxygen.

ATP is produced in glycolysis by directly transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to an ADP molecule.

If oxygen is available, pyruvate moves through mitochondrial membranes by active transport.