How Neurones Work Together

This lesson covers: 

1. What a reflex arc is
2. The stages of a reflex arc
3. The importance of reflex arcs
4. Examples of reflex actions

What is a reflex arc?

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that causes an involuntary and immediate reaction to a stimulus, typically designed for protection.

For instance, when you touch a sharp object, a reflex arc is responsible for the rapid withdrawal of your hand, preventing injury.

Reflex arcs are often composed of just three types of neurone. Many of them are not controlled by the brain, but are unconsciously controlled by the spinal cord.

Stages of a reflex arc

A reflex arc represents the body's automatic response to a potentially harmful stimulus.

A reflex arc can be broken down into several key stages:

1. Stimulus - This triggers the reflex, such as heat from a hot object.
2. Receptor - These are specialised cells, like temperature receptors in the skin, that detect the stimulus and generate nerve impulses.
3. Sensory neurone - This transmits the nerve impulses to relay neurones.
4. Relay neurone (intermediate neurone) - Usually located in the spinal cord or more rarely in the brain, these connect sensory neurones to motor neurones.
5. Motor neurone - This transfers nerve impulses from the relay neurones to effectors
6. Effector - This is the muscle or gland that receives the signal and carries out a response, like muscles in the arm receiving a signal to contract.
7. Response - This is the final action taken, such as quickly moving the hand away from the hot object.

Examples of simple reflex actions

A simple reflex action is one that does not involve the conscious regions of the brain. When they just involve the spinal cord and bypass the brain entirely, they are called spinal reflexes.

These are some key examples of simple reflex actions that are useful to know:

1. Withdrawal reflex - A spinal reflex that involves removing the hand rapidly from a sharp or hot object.
2. The knee-jerk (patellar) reflex - A spinal reflex that causes the leg to kick when it is tapped just below the kneecap that helps maintain posture and balance.

Importance of reflex arcs

Reflex arcs play a crucial role in bodily protection and function.

They have the several key features that help them achieve this:

• Involuntary - They allow the brain to concentrate on complex processes.
• Rapid - They ensure a swift response.
• Protective - They safeguard the body from potential injuries.
• Innate - They are intrinsic mechanisms present from birth, eliminating the need for learning.

Their inherent speed and the typical lack of involvement from the brain in the decision-making process are essential for preventing excessive injuries.