1. AC signal is passed through a diode.
2. When the potential difference across the diode is positive, it allows current to flow.
3. When the potential difference across the diode is negative, it does not conduct.
4. Only the positive half of the cycle passes through the diode, creating a pulsed DC output.

In full-wave rectification, four diodes are arranged in a bridge configuration. This allows both the positive and negative halves of the AC wave to be used, creating a smoother DC output.

1. As the current increases the capacitor charges.
2. When the current decreases, the capacitor begins to discharge.
3. This charging and discharging cycle reduces the fluctuations in the DC output.

The larger the capacitance, the smoother the output.

The larger the load resistance, the smoother the output.

Half-wave rectification

Full-wave rectification

It uses both positive and negative halves of the AC cycle, resulting in a higher average output voltage and less power wasted.