Which type of energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation?

Thermal energy.

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What physical state(s) does conduction take place in?

Solid.

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Which physical state(s) does convection take place in?

Fluids - liquid and gaseous states.

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What is thermal conductivity?

Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts thermal energy when it is heated.

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Outline the steps of how conduction works.

  1. As one end of a solid object is heated, heat energy is transferred to the kinetic energy store of the particles in that end.
  2. This causes the particles to vibrate faster, so they collide with neighbouring particles more frequently.
  3. The collisions transfer kinetic energy, meaning the neighbouring particles also vibrate faster - and in turn collide more frequently with their neighbours.
  4. This process repeats - energy is passed along the object, from one particle to the next.
  5. Even though it is technically kinetic energy that is transferred, when considering the object as a whole, we say that it is heat or thermal energy that is transferred.

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Outline the steps of how convection works.

  1. As a fluid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy, and spread apart.
  2. This means the heated fluid is less dense, and so it rises above cooler fluid.
  3. As the fluid cools down it becomes more dense again, and so sinks below any warmer fluid.
  4. If this process occurs in a limited space, such as container or room, it may create a convection current.

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Describe how heat transfer via radiation works.

All objects emit and absorb energy via infrared radiation. Energy can therefore be transferred by one object emitting infrared radiation and another object absorbing it.

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Will a hot or cool object emit more infrared radiation?

The hotter the object, the more infrared radiation it will emit.

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Use radiation to explain why a hot object will cool down over time. 

A hot object will emit more infrared radiation than it absorbs, therefore it will lose energy (and cool down) over time.

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When a fluid is heated, does it become more or less dense?

It becomes less dense, as the particles gain energy and spread further apart.

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