Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an aldehyde or a ketone to form an alcohol.

The reaction requires a reducing agent such as aqueous NaBH4 and heat.

The type of reaction is nucleophilic addition.

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Describe, and give the reagents and conditions for, the hydrolysis of esters.

Esters can be hydrolysed to carboxlic acids and alcohols by the addition of dilute acid (e.g. H2SO4), or dilute alkali (e.g. NaOH), and heating under reflux.

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What reagent is required for the reaction of an acyl chloride to form a carboxylic acid?

(Cold) water 

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an arene to form a halogenoarene.

The reaction requires a halogen and an AlCl3 catalyst.

The type of reaction is electrophilic substitution.

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Describe, and give the reagents and conditions for, the reduction of nitroarenes.

Nitroarenes can be reduced to aromatic amines by the addition of tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid and heating under reflux. Then, sodium hydroxide is added to obtain the free amine.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an arene to form a nitroarene.

The reaction requires concentrated nitric acid and a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and heat.

The type of reaction is electrophilic substitution.


Multiple subsitutitons occur if the temperature rises above ≈60°C.

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Describe the conditions for the reaction of an alcohol to form an ester.

The reaction requires a carboxylic acid, heat and a concentrated acid catalyst such as H2SO4. Alternatively, an acyl chloride or acid anyhydride can be used instead of a carboxylic acid.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of a halogenoalkane to form an amine.

The reaction requires concentrated ammonia in ethanol and heat under pressure

The type of reaction is nucleophilic substitution.

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Describe the conditions for the reaction of an acyl chloride to form an ester.

The reaction requires an alcohol and room temperature.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an acyl chloride to form an amide.

The reaction requires ammonia or an amine and room temperature.

The type of reaction is nucleophilic addition-elimination.

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What reagent is required for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to form an acyl chloride?

Thionyl chloride (SOCl2)

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