What is a synthetic route?

A synthetic route shows how you get from one compound to another. It shows all the reactions with the intermediate products, and the reagents needed for each reaction.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alkane to form a halogenoalkane.

The reaction requires a halogen and UV light.

The type of reaction is free radical substitution.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alkene to form an alkane.

The reaction requires hydrogen, a nickel catalyst, and a temperature of 150°C.

The type of reaction is electrophilic addition.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alkene to form an alcohol.

The reaction requires steam, H3PO4 catalyst, a temperature of 300°C, and a pressure of 60 atm.

The type of reaction is electrophilic addition.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alkene to form a halogenoalkane.

The reaction requires a halogen (or a hydrogen halide) and room temperature.

The type of reaction is electrophilic addition.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of a halogenoalkane to form an alcohol.

The reaction requires warm aqueous NaOH, and heat under reflux.

The type of reaction is nucleophilic substitution.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of a halogenoalkane to form an alkene.

The reaction requires NaOH in ethanol and heat under reflux.

The type of reaction is elimination.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of a halogenoalkane to form an amine.

The reaction requires concentrated ammonia in ethanol and heat under pressure

The type of reaction is nucleophilic substitution.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alcohol to form an alkene.

The reaction requires heat and a catalyst e.g. Al2O3 or concentrated H2SO4.

The type of reaction is elimination.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alcohol to form a halogenoalkane.

The reaction requires a hydrogen halide.

The type of reaction is nucleophilic substitution.


There are several other regents that can be used including PCl3, SOCl2, KCl and PCl5.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alcohol to form a ketone.

The reaction requires a secondary alcohol, K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4, sulfuric acid, and heat under reflux.

The type of reaction is oxidation.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alcohol to form a carboxylic acid.

The reaction requires a primary alcohol, K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4, sulfuric acid, and heat under reflux.

The type of reaction is oxidation.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an alcohol to form an aldehyde.

The reaction requires a primary alcohol, K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4, sulfuric acid, and heat in a distillation apparatus.

The type of reaction is oxidation.

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Describe the conditions and name the mechanism for the reaction of an aldehyde or a ketone to form an alcohol.

The reaction requires a reducing agent such as aqueous NaBH4 or LiAlH4 in dry ether and heat.

The type of reaction is nucleophilic addition.

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