What is meant by a directing effect in organic chemistry?
A directing effect refers to the influence of a group on the position where a second substituent is added to the benzene ring during electrophilic substitution.
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What is the directing effect of an electron-donating group in electrophilic substitution?
Electron-donating groups direct the second substituent to positions 2, 4 and 6 on the benzene ring.
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What is the difference between activation and deactivation in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions?
Activation involves substituents that donate electron density into the aromatic ring, making the π-system more electron rich. This increases the reactivity of the ring towards electrophilic attack.
Deactivation involves substituents that pull electron density from the π-system, making the ring less reative to electrophiles.
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Classify the following substituents based on their positions of activation in a benzene ring:
-OH, -NH2, -NO2, -CH3, -COOH, and -COCH3.
-OH, NH2 and -CH3 activate the 2-, 4- and 6- positions in a benzene ring.
-NO2, -COOH and -COCH3 activate the 3- and 5- positions in a benzene ring.
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What is the directing effect of electron-withdrawing groups in electrophilic substitution?
Electron-withdrawing groups direct the second substituent to positions 3 and 5 on the benzene ring.
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What is the importance of directing groups in organic synthesis?
Directing groups control the position where a second substituent is added to a benzene ring, which is crucial in the synthesis of specific organic compounds.
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