How does the extent of orbital overlap affect bond strength?

Greater orbital overlap leads to stronger covalent bonds.

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What is hybridisation?

Hybridisation is the process where an s orbital mixes with one, two, or three p orbitals to form hybrid orbitals when atoms form covalent bonds.

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Describe the three types of hybrid orbitals

  1. sp3 hybrids - Formed from mixing one s orbital and three p orbitals.
  2. sp2 hybrids - Formed from mixing one s orbital and two p orbitals.
  3. sp hybrids - Formed from mixing of one s orbital and one p orbital.

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How are sigma (σ) bonds formed?

Sigma bonds are formed when atomic orbitals overlap directly in a linear, end-on fashion.

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What type of bonds are all single bonds in organic molecules?

Sigma (σ) bonds

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How are pi (π) bonds formed?

Pi bonds are formed when p orbitals overlap in a sideways manner, above and below the sigma bond.

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What types of bonds make up a double bond?

A double bond is formed from one σ bond and one π bond.

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What types of bonds make up a triple bond?

A triple bond is formed from one σ bond and two π bonds, with the π bonds oriented at right angles to each other.

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What type of hybridisation is present in ethane (C2H6)?

sp3 hybridisation

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Describe the geometry and bond angle in ethane (C2H6).

Ethane has a tetrahedral geometry with H-C-H bond angles of approximately 109.5°.

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Describe the geometry and bond angle in ethene (C2H4).

Ethene has a trigonal planar geometry with bond angles of 120°.

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Describe the geometry and bond angle in hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Hydrogen cyanide has a linear geometry with a bond angle of 180°.

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