What is electronegativity?

Electronegativity is the power of an atom to attract the shared electron pair in a covalent bond towards itself.

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How does electronegativity change going across a period?

Electronegativity increases

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How does electronegativity change going down a group?

Electronegativity decreases

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Which atom is the most electronegative?

Fluorine

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What are 3 factors that influence electronegativity?

  1. Atomic radius
  2. Nuclear charge
  3. Shielding

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What type of bond (ionic or covalent) is formed between 2 atoms with a large difference in electronegativity?

Ionic


If the electronegativity difference between the atoms is small, a covalent bond is formed.

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What is a polar covalent bond?

A polar covalent bond is covalent bond in which the electron density is shared unequally between the bonded atoms due to their difference in electronegativity.

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What is a dipole?

The separation of opposite charges within a polar covalent bond or polar molecule.

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What is needed for a molecule to have a permanent dipole?

A molecule must have one or more polar covalent bonds with dipoles that do not cancel due to the shape of the molecule.

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What is a polar molecule?

A molecule in which the charge is not symmetrically distributed so that one area is slightly positively charged and another slightly negatively charged.


A molecule is polar if it has a pemanent dipole.

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What sign is used to show part of a molecule has a partial negative charge?

δ-

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What sign is used to show part of a molecule has a partial positive charge?

δ+

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What is the ionic character of a bond determined by?

The difference in electronegativities between the two atoms.

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