What is an anion?

An anion is a negatively charged ion.

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How do you test for carbonate ions?

  1. React the substance with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl).
  2. If the substance contains carbonate ions, it will produce carbon dioxide gas which will bubble out of the solution. 
  3. Collect the gas and bubble it through limewater.
  4. If the limewater turns cloudy, it confirms the gas is carbon dioxide.
  5. Confirmation that the gas is carbon dioxide is confirmation that the original substance contained carbonate ions.

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How do you test for sulfate ions?

  1. React the substance with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to remove any carbonate ions.
  2. Add barium chloride solution.
  3. If sulfate ions are present, it will form a white precipitate of barium sulfate.

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How do you test for halide ions?

  1. React the solution with nitric acid to remove any carbonate ions or sulfate ions.
  2. Add silver nitrate solution.
  3. If a white precipitate forms, the substance contains chloride ions.
  4. If a cream precipitate forms, the substance contains bromide ions.
  5. If a yellow precipitate forms, the substance contains iodide ions.

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When testing for halides, what colour precipitate does chloride form?

Chloride ions form a white precipitate.

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When testing for halides, what colour precipitate does bromide form?

Bromide ions form a cream precipitate.

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When testing for halides, what colour precipitate does iodide form?

Iodide ions form a yellow precipitate.

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