What is the aim of the investigation?

To investigate the change in pH on adding powdered calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide to a fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid.

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What type of reaction takes place during the investigation?

A neutralisation reaction between an acid (hydrochloric acid) and a base (calcium hydroxide/oxide).

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What equipment is used to measure out the hydrochloric acid?

A 25 cm3 measuring cylinder or volumetric pipette and pipette filler.

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What indicators are used to measure pH changes?

Universal indicator or a pH probe.

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What is used to add the calcium hydroxide/oxide powder?

A spatula.

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How is the calcium hydroxide/oxide added during the investigation?

One spatula at a time, with stirring and recording pH between additions.

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When is addition of calcium hydroxide/oxide stopped during the method?

When the pH remains constant.

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Why should safety goggles be worn during the investigation?

To protect eyes from potential splashes or spills of hazardous chemicals like hydrochloric acid.

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