Why is the Haber process used?

The Haber process manufacturers ammonia, which can be used to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers.

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What is the equation for the Haber process?

N2 + 3H2 ⇋ 2NH3

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What temperature is the Haber process carried out at?

450 °C

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What pressure is the Haber process carried out at?

200 atmospheres

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What are the raw materials required for the Haber process?

Nitrogen and hydrogen,

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How is nitrogen for the Haber process obtained?

The nitrogen for the Haber process is taken from the air.

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How is hydrogen from the Haber process obtained?

The hydrogen for the Haber process is obtained from natural gas, and other sources.

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Outline the main stages of the Haber process.

  1. The purified gases are passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperature (450 °C) and high pressure (200 atmospheres).
  2. Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia (the reaction is reversible so there may only be a low yield of ammonia).
  3. The mixture is then cooled, which allows the ammonia to condense into liquid and be removed.
  4. The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled so that the process can repeat.

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What are the ideal conditions for the Haber Process, and why are they not used?

Ideal

  1. High pressure (equilibrium shifts to right as fewer moles).
  2. Low temperature (forward reaction is exothermic)


Why they aren't used

  1. High Pressure requires too much energy so is very expensive, and it could be dangerous.
  2. Low temperature would cause a low rate of reaction.

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