How many polypeptide chains are antibodies made up of?

Four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains.

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How are the heavy and light polypeptide chains held together in an antibody?

Chains are held together via disulphide bridges.

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What is the constant region of an antibody?

The constant region is the part that is the same for all antibodies and binds to receptors on cells.

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What is the variable region of an antibody?

The variable region is the part that is different for each antibody and binds to specific antigens.

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What is the main function of antibodies?

The main function of antibodies is to bind to specific antigens on a pathogen's surface.

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What is formed when an antibody binds to an antigen?

When an antibody binds to an antigen, it forms an antigen-antibody complex.

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What is the role of antibodies in agglutination of pathogens?

They cause pathogens to clump together for easier phagocytosis.

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What roles do antibodies play in the immune response?

  1. Agglutination 
  2. Act as markers for phagocytes to engulf pathogenic cells

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