Propanone can be converted into 2-bromopropane in a 3-step synthesis, as shown in the diagram below.

Draw the structure of compound W.

Draw the structure of compound X.

Suggest a reagent for each of the three steps.

Name the mechanism involved in each of the three steps.

The diagram below shows the 4-step synthesis of an amine from an ester.

Give a reagent that could be used in step 1.

State a method for separating the alcohol from the mixture of products formed in step 1.

Give the structural formula of compound A.

Give the reagent(s) and conditions required for steps 3 and 4.

Benzene can be used as a starting material in the synthesis of compound M, shown in the diagram below.

The first step in this synthesis is to form phenylethanone using ethanoyl chloride in the presence of AlCl₃.

Outline a mechanism for the first step to form phenylethanone from benzene. Do not include the steps involving AlCl₃.

Step 2 of the synthesis involves the reduction of phenylethanone using NaBH₄.

Draw the structure of the organic product that would form in this reduction.

Name a reagent that could be used to form compound M from the product in part b).

Draw two repeat units of the polymer that could be formed from compound M.

The diagram below shows the structure of the pain relief drug paracetamol.

Name the functional groups present in paracetamol.

Paracetamol can be prepared using a two step synthesis using 4-nitrophenol as a starting material, as shown in the diagram below.

Give the reagent(s) required for step 1.

Draw the structure of the intermediate compound.

Suggest why chemists aim to design synthesis methods with a high percentage atom economy.

This question is about the reactions of compound Z, shown in the diagram below.

Complete the flowchart in the diagram below to show the structures of the organic products formed in each step.

Outline a mechanism for reaction 1.

The diagram below shows a compound that can undergo both addition and condensation polymerisation.

Draw two repeat units of the condensation polymer.

Compound M can be prepared from phenylethanone in a 2-step synthesis as shown in the diagram below.

Draw the structure of compound L.

Give the reagents required for step 1.

Give the reagents for step 2.

Suggest why scientists aim to design synthesis methods with as few steps as possible.

The diagram below shows the structures of salicylic acid and mesalazine.

Mesalazine can be synthesised from salicylic acid in a 2-step synthesis. 

Devise a 2-step synthesis from mesalazine using salicylic acid as a starting material.

Each step should include:

• the reagent(s) required
• the structure of the product

Salicylic acid can also be reacted with methanol to form compound B.

Draw the structure of compound B.

Give the condition required for the reaction in part b).

The diagram below shows the 3-step synthesis of an N-substituted amide from but-2-ene.

Give a reagent required for step 1.

Draw the structure of the product of step 2.

Give a reagent required for step 3.

Draw the structure of the N-substituted amide formed at the end of the synthesis.

Name the mechanism involved in each of the three steps.

The diagram below shows the multi-step synthesis of an addition polymer, poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) from propanone.

Draw the structure of compound A.

Outline the mechanism for step 1.

Give a reagent(s) required for step 4.

Draw the structure of compound B.

The compound 2-phenylethylamine can be prepared from methylbenzene via a 3-step synthesis.

Outline a 3-step synthesis for the formation of 2-phenylethylamine from methylbenzene.

Each step should include:

• the reagent(s) and condition(s) required
• the structure of the product

Write two equations for the propagation steps involved in step 1. 

Outline a mechanism for step 2.

Name the type of reaction occurring in step 3.

The carbon chain of a compound can be extended by reaction with the cyanide ion, CN^-.

Write an equation for the reaction of bromoethane with potassium cyanide. 

Outline a mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with potassium cyanide.

Write an equation for the reaction between propanal and hydrogen cyanide. 

Outline a mechanism for the reaction between propanal and hydrogen cyanide.

Give the reagent(s) required for the reaction shown in the diagram below.

Name the type of reaction occurring in part a).

Give the reagent(s) required for the reaction shown in the diagram below.

Name the type of reaction occurring in part c).

This question is about the substitution of aromatic compounds with carbon chains.

Give the reagent(s) required for the reaction shown in the diagram below.

Write an equation for the formation of the reactive intermediate required for the reaction in part a). 

Outline a mechanism for the reaction in part a).

The diagram below shows the structure of lactic acid, a naturally occurring chemical that can be synthesised from ethanal.

Draw the structure of compound X.

Suggest a reagent for step 2.

Compound X is reduced using H₂ and a nickel catalyst.

Draw the skeletal formula of the product.