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Question 1
Many molecules of ethene join together to produce poly(ethene). |
a) | What is the name given to a molecule, like ethene, that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer?
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b) | Complete the structure of the polymer in the equation below.
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c) | Poly(ethene) is the only product of the polymerisation reaction. What type of polymer is poly(ethene)?
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d) | Poly(ethene) can be made with different properties. The properties depend on the conditions used when poly(ethene) is made. Suggest two conditions which could be changed when poly(ethene) is made.
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e) | Some carrier bags are made from poly(ethene). Some carrier bags are made from cornstarch. Suggest two benefits of using cornstarch instead of poly(ethene) to make carrier bags.
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f) | Which of the statements below is an advantage of burning used plastic bags? A new plastic bags can be produced B carbon dioxide is produced C water is one of the products D energy is released
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Question 2
Small molecules, called alkenes, are used to make polymers. |
The image below shows a butene molecule. |
a) | Name the polymer made from butene.
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b) | Butene is an alkene. What is the general formula for an alkene?
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c) | Draw a diagram to represent the polymer made from butene.
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d) | Alkanes, such as butane (C4H10), do not form polymers. Alkenes, such as butene (C4H8), form polymers. Explain why.
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Question 3
Polystyrene is a plastic. Plastics are polymers which are made by the process of polymerisation. |
a) | What is meant by polymerisation?
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b) | Complete the table with the missing information about monomers and their respective polymers.
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c) | The disposal of most addition polymers is a problem because they do not biodegrade. |
c) i) | What is meant by the term biodegrade?
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c) ii) | Identify the property that prevents addition polymers from easily biodegrading.
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Question 4
a) | Addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation are two types of polymerisation. Describe two differences between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.
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b) | Ethanediol reacts with butanedioic acid to produce a polyester and a small molecule. The image below shows the structural formulae of ethanediol and butanedioic acid. |
Give the functional group present in:
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c) | The image below shows part of the structure of the polyester. Complete the box in the image.
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d) | Name the small molecule produced when ethanediol reacts with butanedioic acid.
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e) | What type of polymerisation results in polyester?
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Question 5
Many parts of our homes can be made from either polymers or natural materials.
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a) | Poly(propene) is produced from propene. Complete the structure of poly(propene) in the equation.
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c) | Poly(propene) wears out more slowly than wool. A mixture of poly(propene) and wool to make carpets is more sustainable than using just poly(propene) or just wool. Give two reasons why.
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d) | The image below shows the displayed structural formula of poly(chloroethene). Draw the monomer used to make poly(chloroethene). Model answer
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Wood can be used instead of polymers to make window frames. Read the information below:
Suggest one advantage of using polymers and one advantage of using wood to make window frames.
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Question 6
Polymer fibres are used to make firefighter uniforms. The table below shows some properties of two polymer fibres. |
a) | Evaluate the suitability of poly(propene) and polyester for firefighter uniforms.
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b) | Two monomers, A and B, are needed to make the polyester. The image below shows a representation of the two monomers. |
b) i) | Name the functional group in monomer B.
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b) ii) | Monomers A and B join together to produce a polyester and a small molecule. Name the small molecule.
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c) | Like polyesters, polyamides are condensation polymers. Which statement explains why polyamides are condensation polymers? A a molecule of water forms each time a hydroxyl link forms B a molecule of water forms each time an ester link forms C a molecule of water forms each time an amine group reacts with a carboxylic acid group D a molecule of water forms each time an alcohol group reacts with a carboxylic acid group
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d) | Starch, proteins and DNA are naturally occurring polymers. Name the monomers from which starch and proteins are produced.
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e) | State the types of synthetic polymers that contain the same linkage as:
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Question 7
Different polymers can be formed by using the monomers shown in the image below. |
a) | Explain how two different polymers can be formed from monomers in the image.
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Question 8
The structure of a polymer is shown in the image below. |
a) | Which type of polymer is shown in the image?
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b) | Name the process by which the polymer above is formed.
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c) | Compare the polymerisation reaction used to produce poly(ethene) with the polymerisation reaction used to produce a polyester.
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Question 9
This question is about condensation polymers. |
a) | What is the minimum number of functional groups that a monomer must have to form a condensation polymer?
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b) | Condensation polymers can be made from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Complete the block diagram to show the formation of this polymer.
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c) | State the functional groups in a:
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d) | Which term describes a polymer made from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol? A polyamide B polyester C poly(ethene) D protein
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Question 10
Nylon is a polyamide, formed in a condensation polymerisation reaction. |
a) | Complete the diagram to show the structure of nylon. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds present in the linkages.
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b) | Nylon can be made from hexanedioyl dichloride and hexane‑1,6‑diamine. Both chemicals are highly corrosive. A solvent is needed which is highly flammable. |
b) i) | Describe how to make nylon in a laboratory.
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b) ii) | Describe and explain three precautions needed to control the hazards in this experiment.
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Question 11
Polymers are long-chain molecules made from small molecules linked together. Some polymers are natural, and others are synthetic. |
a) | Four polymers or types of polymer are listed. Which of these polymers or types of polymer are synthetic? A carbohydrates B nylon C proteins D terylene
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b) | The image below shows the structure of glycine. Glycine is a monomer that reacts to form proteins. |
b) i) | What monomers are proteins made of?
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b) ii) | Glycine contains two different functional groups that allow it to undergo polymerisation. What are the two functional groups?
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c) | The diagram below shows an incomplete structural formula of a protein. Complete the diagram by drawing the linkages between the protein monomers. Include the name of this type of linkage in your diagram.
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d) | Proteins are biodegradable. What is meant by the term biodegradable?
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e) | Proteins can be chemically broken down to produce amino acids. What is the name of this chemical process? A catalysis B hydration C hydrolysis D polymerisation
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