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Question 1
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, yet it has no cure. Researchers are investigating whether stem cells can be used to replace nerve cells in patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s. |
a) | Explain why researchers are obtaining these stem cells from the bone marrow.
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b) | Stem cells can also be obtained from embryos. Name one other potential source of human stem cells.
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c) | Embryonic stem cells are used in the development of an embryo. Explain the role of these stem cells.
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d) | Describe an ethical issue associated with the use of embryonic stem cells.
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Question 2
Neutrophils, sperm cells, and root hair cells are examples of specialised cells. |
a) | Describe the function of a sperm cell.
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b) | Explain how neutrophils are specialised for their function.
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c) | Explain how root hair cells are specialised for their function.
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d) | In multicellular organisms, specialised cells become organised to form the body structure. Describe how cells are organised in multicellular organisms.
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Question 3
Haemoglobin is found in erythrocytes. Erythrocytes found within mammals do not contain nuclei or other membrane-bound organelles. |
a) | Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of mammalian erythrocytes lacking nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
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b) | Where in the body are erythrocytes formed?
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c) | Erythrocytes collect oxygen from the lungs to deliver to tissues around the body. Alveoli within the lungs are lined by a tissue known as squamous epithelium. Explain why the lungs are described as organs and squamous epithelium is described as a tissue.
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d) | Explain how the structure of a tissue is different from the structure of a system.
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Question 4
Squamous and ciliated epithelium are both types of tissues found within living organisms. |
a) | State the function and one location of squamous epithelium in living organisms.
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b) | State the function and one location of ciliated epithelium in living organisms.
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c) | Stem cells are used to form tissues in animals and plants. Where are stem cells found in plants?
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d) | Stem cells can be used to form the cells making up xylem and phloem in plants. Describe how cells are organised into tissues, using xylem and phloem as examples.
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Question 5
The diagram below shows a photomicrograph of a blood smear containing some specialised cells. |
a) | Name the cells labelled A and B labelled in the diagram above.
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b) | Explain how cell B is specialised for its function.
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c) | Plant cells also contain specialised cells. Name three types of specialised cells in plants.
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d) | Explain why the leaves of a plant are described as organs.
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Question 6
Many multicellular organisms are made up of cells organised into tissues. |
a) | Define the term tissue.
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b) | One example of tissue found in plants is phloem tissue. Describe the structure of phloem tissue.
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c) | Describe the role of phloem tissue.
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d) | Animals and plants both contain specialised cells. Squamous and ciliated epithelial cells are examples of specialised cells. Explain how each of these cells are specialised for their functions.
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Question 7
In multicellular organisms, specialised cells become organised into tissues and organs. |
a) | Explain the difference between muscle and muscular tissue.
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b) | Adult stem cells are found in the bone marrow and are used to regenerate damaged tissues in the muscles. Describe the features of adult stem cells that make them suitable for regenerating tissues in the muscles.
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c) | Stem cells can differentiate into erythrocytes, neutrophils, and many other types of specialised cell. Describe the changes that occur inside stem cells as they form specialised erythrocytes.
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d) | Embryonic stem cells can be used in research to investigate the development of organisms. Give three ways that research using embryonic stem cells has benefits for our understanding of biology.
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Question 8
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of disorders that affect the immunity of affected individuals. Researchers are investigating whether stem cells from umbilical cords can be used to treat children with SCID. |
a) | Give two features of stem cells.
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b) | Suggest one reason why stem cells might be suitable to treat damage to the immune system in children with SCID.
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c) | Stem cells are also found in plants. Name the plant tissues that contain stem cells.
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d) | Describe how xylem vessel elements are produced from stem cells.
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