Raffinose is an example of a trisaccharide made up of glucose, fructose, and galactose. The chemical formulae of these monosaccharides are listed below: 

Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆

Fructose = C₆H₁₂O₆

Galactose = C₆H₁₂O₆

Determine the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a single molecule of raffinose.

Name the type of reaction that would break down raffinose into its monomers.

The monomers of raffinose are known as reducing sugars. Describe how you could show that reducing sugars are present in a solution. 

Give two similarities and two differences between the structure of raffinose and the structure of lactose.

Starch and cellulose are both examples of polysaccharides used by plants. Starch is used as an energy storage molecule, whereas cellulose is used as a structural component of cell walls. 

Describe a biochemical test you would carry out to test for the presence of starch in a solution.

Describe two differences between the structure of amylose and the structure of amylopectin.

Explain how the structure of starch allows it to function as an energy storage molecule in plants.

Describe two similarities between the structure of starch and cellulose.

Cellulose is a carbohydrate made up of monomers held together by chemical bonds. The diagram below shows part of a cellulose molecule. 

Name the monomer labelled A in the diagram above.

Name the bond labelled B in the diagram above.

Explain how cellulose is adapted for its function in plant cells.

Starch is another example of a carbohydrate found in plants. Describe two differences between between the structure of cellulose and starch.

Glycogen and starch are both carbohydrates used by organisms to store energy. They are both made up of monosaccharides joined together via glycosidic bonds.

Excess glucose can be stored in the form of glycogen. Name the type of chemical reaction that joins glucose monomers together to form glycogen.

Describe how glycogen acts as a source of energy for cells. 

Describe one structural difference between glycogen and starch.

Explain how glycogen's structure enables it to function as an energy storage molecule.

A student wanted to identify two solutions, A and B. She knew one of the solutions was lactose and the other was galactose. She carried out two separate tests on samples from each solution. 

In the first test, she added Benedict's solution and heated the mixture in a water bath. 

In the second test, she added the enzyme lactase before adding Benedict's solution and heating in a water bath. Lactase hydrolyses lactose into its monomers. 

She recorded the colour of the solutions after each test in the table below. 

Name the 2 monomers that make up lactose.

Identify solutions A and B. Explain your answer. 

Describe how the investigation could be changed to give quantitative results. Explain why this would improve the experiment. 

A non-reducing sugar would give a negative result in test 1. Describe a third test she could have carried out to identify if a solution is a non-reducing sugar.

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are examples of disaccharides, meaning they are made up of two monosaccharides. The diagram below shows the two monosaccharides found in sucrose. 

On the diagram, draw a circle around the chemical groups used to form a glycosidic bond.

Draw a diagram to show the structure of one sucrose molecule.

Name the monosaccharides found in a maltose molecule.

A student adds Benedict's solution to a beaker containing sucrose and heats the mixture in a water bath. However, no colour change is observed. Explain why.

Glucose is a hexose sugar and comes in two forms, alpha-glucose and beta-glucose. The diagram below shows the structure of a beta-glucose molecule. 

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

Use the diagram above to draw the structure of an alpha-glucose molecule.

The cells of living organisms require glucose to function. State and explain two features of glucose that make it well suited to its role.

Two alpha-glucose molecules can join together to form a disaccharide. Name the type of covalent bond formed between the molecules and the name of the resulting disaccharide.

Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides made up of glucose molecules. Describe how the structures of starch and cellulose are related to their function.

Chitin is a polysaccharide found in insects where it is used to form an exoskeleton. Chitin is made up of N-acetylglucosamine molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. The structure of N-acetylglucosamine is shown below. 

How is a molecule of N-acetylglucosamine different from monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose?

Using the diagram above and your knowledge of polysaccharides, give two similarities and two differences between the structures of chitin and starch.

Using your knowledge of polysaccharides, describe how a chitin molecule is formed from its monomers and predict its structure.

Water is the major component of many living organisms and its properties allow it to carry out numerous functions within cells. 

Name the type of chemical reaction in which a water molecule is used to breakdown a dimer.

A body of water consists of many hydrogen bonds. Explain how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules.

Water is used as a transport medium within living organisms. Explain how the properties of water allow it to carry out this function.

Explain four other properties that make water important for organisms.

Water and inorganic ions have important biological functions inside cells.

The diagram below shows two molecules of water. Draw and label a bond between the two molecules.

Explain the property of water that allows it to minimise large fluctuations in temperature.

Explain how the density of water allows organisms to use it as a habitat.

Describe the roles of the inorganic ions iron, sodium, and phosphate ions within organisms.