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Question 1
Endocrine glands produce hormones. |
The image shows some of the glands of the human endocrine system. |
a) | Label glands A to F.
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b) | The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones. |
Choose the correct statements about the hormones that control the menstrual cycle. A oestrogen is produced in the ovaries B progesterone is produced in the pituitary gland C LH is produced in the ovaries D FSH is produced in the pituitary gland
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c) | Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.
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Question 2
Hormones can be used to control fertility. |
a) | Explain how hormones can be used by women for contraception.
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b) | Which of these statements about the birth control pill are correct? A birth control pills are 30% effective in preventing pregnancy B the contraceptive pill protects women against some types of cancer C birth control pills can be taken at different times every day D no one experiences side effects from taking the pill E some women take the pill so their periods become more regular and less painful
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c) | The pill does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). State what type of contraceptive must be used to avoid STIs.
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Question 3
Hormones can be used to treat infertility. |
In the first stage of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF), eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised with sperm from the father in a laboratory setting. |
a) | The mother is given hormones to stimulate her ovaries to mature and release eggs. Name the two hormones that stimulate the ovaries.
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b) | Describe the next stages of the IVF process.
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c) | Women who do not ovulate regularly can be treated using a drug called clomifene. Clomifene is taken by the woman for the first five days of her menstrual cycle. Clomifene stimulates the production of FSH. |
Describe what would happen in the ovaries during the five days of treatment.
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d) | Predict what would happen to the woman's progesterone levels if measured on day 20 of her menstrual cycle.
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Question 4
a) | Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland. Suggest what would happen in the body of a person with hyperthyroidism.
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b) | A man goes to the doctor because his body mass is rapidly increasing but he has not changed his lifestyle or diet. The doctor thinks the man might have an underactive thyroid. Explain how an underactive thyroid could cause this patient to have an increased body mass.
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c) | Explain how metabolic rate is controlled through negative feedback.
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Question 5
Describe how hormones control the menstrual cycle.
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Question 6
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries work together to regulate the menstrual cycle. |
The graph below shows how the concentrations of four hormones change throughout the menstrual cycle. |
a) | Name hormones A, B, C and D.
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b) | Ovulation occurs on day 14 of this 28 day cycle. Name two hormones that peak immediately before ovulation.
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c) | The lining of the uterus thickens between days 7 and 27 of the menstrual cycle. |
Which hormone is responsible for the thickening of the uterus lining?
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d) | State the purpose of the thickening of the uterus lining.
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e) | One type of contraceptive pill keeps the level of progesterone high for most of the cycle. Suggest how it works.
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Question 7
Hormones are used in some forms of contraception.
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a) | Which of the two methods is likely to be the most reliable in preventing pregnancy?
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b) | Give one advantage of using this implant rather than taking contraceptive pills.
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c) | Give one disadvantage of using the implant rather than taking contraceptive pills.
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d) | Explain how a contraceptive pill works.
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Question 8
Contraception is used by couples who do not want to have a baby. |
a) | Explain how different methods of contraception prevent pregnancy.
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