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Question 1
Diseases that are transmitted from person to person are called communicable diseases. |
a) | What name is given to a microorganism that causes disease?
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b) | State three ways in which communicable diseases can be transmitted.
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c) | Which two defence systems prevent microorganisms infecting the human body? A the skin is warm so it destroys microorganisms B the pH of saliva kills most microorganisms C hydrochloric acid is produced by the stomach D teeth in the mouth crush and kill microorganisms E the skin is a barrier covering the whole body
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d) | Give two ways in which white blood cells protect us from disease.
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Question 2
White blood cells are part of the immune system. |
a) | The HIV virus infects and destroys white blood cells. Explain why an infection with HIV can lead to an increase in susceptibility to other pathogens.
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b) | Another virus, called Human Papillomavirus (HPV), can cause cervical cancer. Cancer happens when cells divide uncontrollably. Suggest how HPV causes cervical cancer.
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c) | Children now receive a vaccine for HPV. Explain:
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Question 3
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a pathogen. |
a) | Give one way in which HIV can spread from one person to another.
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b) | How do viruses cause the symptoms of disease? A viruses produce antibodies that attack human cells B viruses engulf white blood cells, destroying them C viruses reproduce inside cells, damaging them D viruses produce antitoxins that poison cells
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c) | Give one reason why viruses are not classed as cells.
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d) | Why will antibiotics not treat an infection with HIV?
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e) | Why is it difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses? A drugs that destroy viruses also damage body tissues B viruses are too small for the drugs to destroy C there are too many viruses for the drugs to destroy D viruses are too big for the drugs to destroy
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Question 4
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection that can be treated using antibiotics. |
a) | People infected with Chlamydia are more likely to be infected with other STIs. Explain how people become infected with both Chlamydia and other STIs.
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b) | State why Chlamydia can be described as a communicable disease.
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c) | Give one way the transmission of Chlamydia can be prevented.
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Question 5
The human body's first line of defence against infection is to stop pathogens from entering the body. If pathogens pass the first line of defence, the body needs to deploy the second line of defence, the immune system. Describe how the human body:
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Question 6
Vaccination can protect us against a number of diseases, including a viral disease called measles. |
a) | A doctor vaccinates a child against measles. What does the doctor inject into the child to make the child immune to measles?
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b) | A few weeks after the vaccination, the child is infected with measles. The graph shows the number of measles antibodies in the child’s blood from before she was vaccinated until after the infection cleared. |
Which statement is consistent with the information in the graph? A after the vaccination, the child produced memory cells. B the child had passive immunity against measles. C the measles virus destroyed the child's antibodies. D the vaccination did not work.
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c) | Use the information from the graph to describe the differences in antibody production after vaccination and after infection with the measles virus.
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d) | Vaccination against the measles virus will not protect the child against other viral infections such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM). Explain why.
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e) | Why is it important to vaccinate a large proportion of the population against measles?
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Question 7
The MMR vaccine protects people against three diseases. |
a) | Write down the names of the three diseases that the MMR vaccine protects against.
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b) | Explain how the MMR vaccine protects children from these diseases.
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c) | Vaccinations involve some risks. The table shows the risk of some harmful effects:
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A parent is considering if they should have their child vaccinated with the MMR vaccine. Use information from the table to help the parent make a decision.
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d) | Between 1997 and 2004 there was a decline in the percentage of children being vaccinated with the MMR vaccine. Suggest one explanation for this.
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Question 8
Mothers are often encouraged to breastfeed newborn babies. The first milk that a mother secretes is called colostrum and contains antibodies. |
a) | Name the cells that produce antibodies.
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b) | Explain why it is important for babies to have antibodies as soon as they are born.
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Question 9
White blood cells are part of the immune system. White blood cells help the body to defend itself against pathogens like bacteria and viruses. |
a) | Describe how bacteria and viruses cause infections and describe how the immune system defends the body against these pathogens.
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A man goes to the doctor. The man has a sore throat and a high temperature. The doctor diagnoses the man with strep throat, a bacterial infection. |
c) | Name the type of medicine that the doctor will prescribe for the treatment of the man's disease.
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d) | Another man visits the same doctor. The man has been infected with the cold virus and also has a sore throat and a high temperature. Can the doctor prescribe this man the same medicine? Explain your answer.
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