The antigens on pathogens like bacteria and viruses are often proteins.

Proteins have a specific amino acid sequence.

Describe the steps of how an amino acid sequence is assembled using the DNA base sequence of the gene.

Name the single stranded molecule which carries a complementary copy of the code from the DNA out of the nucleus for protein synthesis.

Describe the role of ribosomes and mitochondria in protein synthesis.

p53 is a protein known as the "guardian of the genome".

p53 regulates gene expression and controls DNA repair, cell division, and cell death.

Mutations in the p53 gene are found in over half of all human cancers.

Scientists sequenced the p53 gene from a healthy volunteer and from a cancer patient.

The table shows the sequences of a part of the p53 gene from both the healthy volunteer, and the cancer patient.

The figure below shows the key needed to predict the translated amino acid sequence coded-for by this section of the p53 protein.

Explain how the mutation in the cancer patient could affect the functioning of the p53 protein. 

Suggest a reason why a mutation in the gene coding for p53 could be harmful.

Some portions of DNA do not code for proteins.

How do non-coding parts of DNA affect gene expression?

Protein synthesis is a process that takes place inside all living cells.

Describe what happens during protein synthesis.

Use the terms 'amino acids', 'DNA', 'mRNA', 'transcription', 'translation', and 'ribosome' in your answer.

A protein hormone is made from a sequence of 51 amino acids.

How many base pairs of nucleotides are required to code the amino acids?

Explain how a mutation in the gene that codes for this protein hormone could affect the functioning of the hormone.

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene.

The most common mutation that causes cystic fibrosis is a deletion of three nucleotides that results in the loss of an amino acid at position 508 in the protein sequence.

The table shows DNA sequences from a healthy person and from a patient with cystic fibrosis. 

The table below shows the key needed to predict the translated amino acid sequences.

Translate the healthy and mutated DNA sequences into their corresponding amino acid sequences.

What is the effect of the mutation on the amino acid sequence?

Explain how a change in the DNA sequence of the CFTR gene can result in the production of a different protein.

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder.

State the possible genotypes of the parents of a child with cystic fibrosis.

A faulty CFTR protein leads to the production of thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory system of patients with cystic fibrosis.

The mucus blocks the patients' bronchioles.

Suggest why people with cystic fibrosis often have lung infections.

Suggest why gas exchange is more difficult in a patient with cystic fibrosis.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (HC) is an inherited condition that causes very high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

HC is caused by a mutation in a gene that codes for a LDL receptor protein.

The faulty allele is 2521 nucleotides long, four more than the normal allele.

Calculate the number of amino acids found in the normal protein.

Explain why people who have the mutated allele are much more likely to develop heart disease.

Some sections of DNA do not code for a protein.

Describe the possible effects of a mutation in non-coding DNA.

Number the following statements to show the order of events in which proteins are made.

  Amino acids assembled in order

  mRNA moves to the cytoplasm

  mRNA passing through a ribosome

  DNA in the nucleus

What is the name of the process that forms proteins in the cells of living organisms?

Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large molecules.

Which of the following statements are correct?

Give one similarity and one difference between the structure of mRNA and the structure of DNA.

The bases in a strand of DNA make up the code for the production of proteins.

State the way in which this code varies from one individual to another.

Wool, hair, fur, and silk are examples of natural protein fibres.

The image below shows a silkworm.

Where are proteins synthesised in a silkworm's cell?

Explain how genes control the way the silk protein fibres are made by silkworms.

The diagram shows a section of DNA from a silkworm, and from 4 other species of insect.

Which species of insect seems to be the most closely related to the silkworm?