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Question 1
The photograph shows a liger. A liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion and a female tiger. The liger has characteristics of both parents. |
a) | The liger was produced by sexual reproduction. What is sexual reproduction?
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b) | The liger has characteristics of both a lion and a tiger. Explain why.
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c) | Ligers are infertile. This means they are unable to reproduce sexually. A scientist is considering using adult cell cloning in order to produce more ligers. Describe how the scientist might use adult cell cloning to produce another liger.
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Question 2
Adult cell cloning occurs when a cell from an individual organism is used to produce clones. As part of the process, the nucleus of that cell is implanted into the egg of another organism. Student A claims that because the egg is taken from a different organism, adult cell cloning is a type of sexual reproduction. Student B disagrees, stating that adult cell cloning is a form of asexual reproduction. |
a) | Explain why student B is correct to claim that adult cell cloning is a form asexual reproduction.
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b) | Give two advantages and two disadvantages of cloning compared to sexual reproduction.
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Question 3
The photograph shows Dolly, a sheep who was the first cloned mammal created from an adult cell. Dolly's body was preserved after she died and can be seen at the National Museum of Scotland. |
a) | Using your knowledge of adult cell cloning, outline the steps that would have been used to produce the clone of Dolly.
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Question 4
The diagram below shows how a sheep can be cloned from another sheep's adult cells. |
a) | Name the type of cell division that occurs as the egg cell is produced.
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b) | Name the type of cell division that occurs as the fused cell divides to form an embryo.
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c) | Will sheep 4 inherit the characteristics of the egg cell or the body cell? Explain the reason for your answer.
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d) | What type of reproduction is shown in the diagram?
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e) | Suggest why the surrogate mother, sheep 3, is a different breed than sheep 1 and sheep 2.
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Question 5
Tissue culture can be used by growers to clone plants. |
a) | Give one advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture.
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b) | Give two reasons why plants produced by this method will look exactly the same.
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c) | Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using cloning techniques in agriculture.
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Question 6
A gardener wants to grow and sell magnolias. He decides to grow them using cuttings. The image below shows one of the cuttings the gardener intends to use. |
a) | The gardener wants to ensure the cuttings grow as quickly as possible. State two factors the gardener could vary to improve the growing conditions of the cuttings.
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b) | Some cells in each cutting develop into root cells. Name the process that these cells undergo in order to develop into root cells.
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c) | State the term used to define an organism produced from a single parent, that has exactly the same genetic information as that single parent. A chimera B clone C transgenic D sibling
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d) | The gardener's friend tells them that it is very common for commercial florists to grow new plants from cuttings, instead of from seeds. Suggest two reasons why it is common for commercial florists to grow plants from cuttings.
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Question 7
Black-footed ferrets are an endangered species. There are only around 300 black-footed ferrets left in the wild. Scientists are able to use cloning to increase the population size of endangered species. In 2021, scientists cloned a black-footed ferret from an animal that died over 30 years ago. For cloning to be successful, scientists need to capture female ferrets and extract many eggs from them. |
a) | Suggest two reasons why many eggs are required for cloning to be successful.
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b) | Outline the stages involved in cloning a male black-footed ferret.
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Question 8
The diagram below shows how embryonic stem cells can be used in therapeutic cloning. |
a) | What is a stem cell?
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b) | Give two advantages of organs produced by therapeutic cloning, as compared to organs provided by a donor.
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c) | The use of human embryos to produce stem cells is a controversial topic. Some people think that scientists should only be allowed to use adult stem cells in their research. Some people think that stem cells should not be used at all. Describe and discuss:
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Question 9
Unfertilised eggs must be collected from a female animal before cloning can take place. The eggs must be stored in a special nutrient solution before they are fertilised. The temperature the eggs are stored at has a significant impact on the chance of the eggs' survival. Design an investigation to find the ideal storage temperature for the unfertilised eggs.
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Question 10
Tissue culture is used to produce plant clones. Tissue culture is a process that happens in vitro. |
a) | What does the term in vitro mean?
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b) | Describe a method used to:
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c) | State two advantages of using tissue culture to produce new plants compared to using seeds.
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