Question 1

The kidneys of a healthy individual filter 178 dm3 day-1 of fluid from the glomeruli into the renal capsules. However, only 1.5 dm3 day-1 of urine is produced.

What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood?

  A  

176.5%

  B  

0.8%

  C  

11.8%

  D  

99.2%

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Question 2

Damage to the hypothalamus results in lower water potential of the blood.

What explains these observations?

  A  

ADH release increases the water potential of blood

  B  

mineralocorticoids affect cells in the loop of Henle

  C  

fewer water channels are inserted into the cell-surface membranes of the collecting duct

  D  

the anterior pituitary releases hormones into the blood


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Question 3

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is required for osmoregulation.

What is a region of the nephron that is responsive to ADH?

  A  

Bowman’s capsule

  B  

collecting duct


  C  

loop of Henle

  D  

proximal convoluted tubule

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Question 4

What process occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

  A  

reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

  B  

filtration of blood

  C  

secretion of hormones

  D  

production of urine

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Question 5

Which substance is not normally found in urine due to being reabsorbed in the nephrons?

  A  

water

  B  

salts

  C  

urea

  D  

glucose

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Question 6

What effect does dehydration have on urine concentration?

  A  

urine becomes more dilute

  B  

urine becomes more concentrated

  C  

urine volume increases

  D  

urine pH increases

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Question 7

What is the outcome when the blood ADH level is high?

  A  

the bladder is relaxed

  B  

more water is reabsorbed into the blood

  C  

urine production is increased

  D  

blood glucose level is reduced

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Question 8

What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?

  A  

high blood pressure

  B  

low water potential in the blood

  C  

high glucose levels in the blood

  D  

low sodium levels in the blood

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Question 9

What does the loop of Henle establish in the medulla to aid water reabsorption?

  A  

high glucose concentration

  B  

high urea concentration

  C  

low protein concentration

  D  

high ion concentration

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Question 10

Where does the process of ultrafiltration occur in the nephron?

  A  

renal artery

  B  

collecting duct

  C  

Bowman's capsule

  D  

loop of Henle

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Question 11

What are the functional units of the kidney called?

  A  

hepatic lobules

  B  

nephrons

  C  

acini

  D  

villi

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Question 12

What is the role of the kidneys in excretion?

  A  

to remove waste products from the blood

  B  

to produce waste products

  C  

to convert waste products into less harmful substances

  D  

to store waste products temporarily

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